Trans neurobiology links

 

Brain Sex in Transgender Women Is Shifted towards Gender Identity

(also contains many references to differentiation in brains between sexes)

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8955456/

Is there something unique about the transgender brain?

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-there-something-unique-about-the-transgender-brain/

Neurotransmitter size sex dimorphism, Sapolsky

(The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a brain region that shows sex differences and has been found to be relevant in the study of transgender individuals. Specifically, research suggests that the size and neuron count in the central subdivision of the BNST (BSTc) in male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals is more similar to that of cisgender women. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that gender identity may be related to brain development influenced by prenatal sex).

Phantom penile sensation on penis removal does not occur in trans women, but does in 60% if cisgender males

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QScpDGqwsQ

Multivariate revisit to “sex beyond the genitalia”

“A simple multivariate analysis using the same data suggests quite the opposite:  Brains are typically male or typically female”

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4833231/

Establishing a link between sex-related differences in the structural connectome and behaviour

Applying multivariate analysis, we showed an increasing separation between males and females in the course of development, not only in behavioural patterns but also in brain structure. We also showed that these behavioura

l and structural patterns correlate with each other, establishing a reliable link between brain and behaviour.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4785897/

Regional volumes and spatial volumetric distribution of gray matter in the gender dysphoric brain

“Our findings thus indicate that GM distribution and regional volumes in GD adolescents are largely in accordance with their respective natal sex. However, there are subtle deviations from the natal sex in sexually dimorphic structures, which can represent signs of a partial sex-atypical differentiation of the brain.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25720349/

Biological sex classification with structural MRI data shows increased misclassification in transgender women

“Transgender individuals (TIs) show brain-structural alterations that differ from their biological sex as well as their perceived gender.”

“Our results support the hypothesis that brain structure in TW differs from brain structure of their biological sex (male) as well as their perceived gender (female). This finding substantiates evidence that TIs show specific brain-structural alterations leading to a different pattern of brain structure than CG-individuals.”

“Compared with CG-men, transgender women (biological sex male, perceived gender female, TW) show structural alterations of areas associated with body perception. Brain structures that repeatedly showed alterations across multiple studies are the putamen [11] and the insula [12].”

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7419542/

Predictive Pattern Classification Can Distinguish Gender Identity Subtypes from Behavior and Brain Imaging

TLDR: you can reliably identify cisgender male, cisgender female, trans male, trans female by MRI

“Machine learning algorithms reliably detected gender identity with high prediction accuracy in each of the four groups based on connectivity signatures alone. The four normative gender groups were classified with accuracies ranging from 48% to 62% (exceeding chance level at 25%). These connectivity-based classification accuracies exceeded those obtained from a widely established behavioral instrument for gender identity.”

“Our dimensional gender perspective captures four distinguishable brain phenotypes for gender identity, advocating a biologically grounded reconceptualization of gender dimorphism. We hope to pave the way towards objective, data-driven diagnostic markers for gender identity and transgender, taking into account neurobiological and behavioral differences in an integrative modeling approach.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31999324/

 

 

 

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